TL;DR The global supplement industry is booming, but regulators in both the US and EU are tightening oversight of ingredients, safety claims, and novel food technologies. In the US, the FDA is closing the Self GRAS loophole and stepping up enforcement of New Dietary Ingredient (NDI) notifications. In Europe, EFSA is raising the bar on health claim evidence, and the proposed EU BioTech Act signals stricter governance of precision fermentation and microbial ingredients. For sup